Viola Desmond: One woman's resistance

Fighting anti-Black racism and segregation in Canada

Published: January 29, 2018

A head-and-shoulder portrait of Viola Desmond framed by a vertical purple rectangle. Viola is wearing a white top. Partially obscured. — Photo: Courtesy of Joe and Wanda Robson

In November 1946, hair salon owner Viola Desmond went to a film at the Roseland Theatre in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia. But what began as a night at the movies became a night in prison.

Unaware that the theatre was segregated, the Black Nova Scotian chose a main‐floor seat. When she refused to move to the balcony, where Black patrons were expected to sit, she was arrested and dragged out of the theatre.

For many people, the story would have ended there – but Desmond refused to accept the charges against her, and her case went all the way to Nova Scotia’s Supreme Court.

The Story of Viola Desmond – with audio description

A woman ahead of her time

Viola Desmond was born in 1914 in Halifax, Nova Scotia. As a young woman, she dreamed of opening a beauty salon, but discovered that Nova Scotia beauty schools did not accept Black students. Instead of giving up her dream, Desmond trained as a hairdresser and beautician in Montréal and the United States. She went on to become a successful entrepreneur in Nova Scotia, operating a beauty school as well as her own salon.

A black and white image of Viola Desmond with 11 other women. All of the women are wearing plain white dresses and are standing in two rows, posing for the camera. — Viola Desmond with the 1947 graduating class from the Desmond School of Beauty Culture. Photo: Courtesy of Joe and Wanda Robson

A black and white image of Viola Desmond standing next to a man in uniform. Five women wearing graduation caps and gowns and holding flowers stand to their left. One woman is accepting a scroll from the man. — Viola Desmond with Reverend Captain William P. Oliver and the 1945 graduating class from the Desmond School of Beauty Culture. This was Desmond’s first graduating class, and Oliver was the speaker for the occasion. Photo: Courtesy of Joe and Wanda Robson

Ahead of her time in recognizing an underserved market, Desmond created a line of cosmetics for people with darker complexions. Despite her many accomplishments, Desmond still had to contend with the racist practice of segregation.

Segregation in Canada

Segregation is the enforced separation of racial groups. In Canada, there were no official laws enforcing separation of Black and white Canadians. However, communities and businesses such as shops, theatres and restaurants made their own unofficial rules.

A black and white image of a town street. The street leads away from the viewer towards a vanishing point on the horizon, and is lined with brick buildings ranging from two to seven stories storeys tall. Many of the buildings have storefronts on the first floor, and the first building on the right has a movie marquee advertising a film called “The Millionairess” starring Sophia Loren. — Roseland Theatre. Photo: Courtesy of The Halifax Herald Limited

When Desmond was removed from the Roseland Theatre for sitting in a whites‐only section, existing laws were used to sanction her for breaking the unwritten rules of segregation. Desmond was charged with tax evasion for failing to pay the full tax on a main‐floor movie ticket – a difference that amounted to only one cent.

The racism in the United States was truly in your face. In Canada, the racism was very polite – sort of undercover.

The Honourable Mayann Francis, Former Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia

A black and white image of a Black woman sitting in front of an old-fashioned typewriter, reading a newspaper named “The Clarion”. — Carrie M. Best, founder and editor of The Clarion, the first Black‐owned newspaper in Nova Scotia.

By refusing to change seats and by fighting her conviction in court, Viola Desmond directly challenged segregation in Canada. She was not the first Black woman in Canada to push back against racism. Carrie M. Best, the founder and editor of The Clarion, the first Black‐owned newspaper in Nova Scotia, had already written about the injustice of segregation. In 1941, she and her son were removed from the same theatre as Desmond, also for sitting in the whites‐only section. As Desmond learned five years later, Best’s challenge did not end the Roseland Theatre’s policy of segregation.

Desmond recognized that what had happened to her was an injustice, and she realized she had the power to speak out against it. After speaking to family and friends and realizing she had their support, Desmond decided to appeal her conviction, and it was eventually brought before the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. Even though she ultimately lost her appeal, her stand against injustice galvanized Nova Scotia’s Black community and helped inspire Canada’s civil rights movement. Unfortunately, the personal cost for Desmond was high. Her marriage ended and she abandoned her business in Nova Scotia, moving to Montréal. She passed away in 1965 in New York City.

A Canadian Civil Rights Legacy

The front and back of the new $10 Canadian banknote featuring Viola Desmond and the Canadian Museum for Human Rights. — Photo: Bank of Canada

The justness of Desmond’s cause was officially recognized in 2010, when the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia posthumously pardoned her, removing her conviction from the historical record. Desmond’s story, long unknown to most Canadians, is now becoming more familiar. In 2018, she became the first Canadian woman featured on a regularly circulating Canadian $10 bill. Desmond has also appeared on a Canadian postage stamp. She’s had her own Heritage Minute and there is even a ferryboat in Halifax, Nova Scotia named in her honour.

Desmond’s sister Wanda Robson still lives in Nova Scotia. Like many Canadians, she has been inspired by her sister’s story. At 73, she went back to school, finished her Bachelor of Arts degree, and now speaks to youth about her sister’s story and combating racism. Robson knows if we are to end racism and discrimination, we all need to take a stand, just as Viola Desmond did.

Two smiling women standing face to face, with other people in the background. — Photo: Communications Nova Scotia, photograph by Shirley Robb

A black and white photo of Viola Desmond (centre) at a club with her sister and brother-in-law (1955). Partially obscured.

Change is gonna come. We have to be patient. Never give up. Never give up.

Wanda Robson

Photo: Courtesy of Joe and Wanda Robson

We invited people across Canada to take a seat for Viola Desmond.

You can visit the One Woman’s Resistance exhibit in the Canadian Journeys gallery on Level 2.

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Suggested citation : “Viola Desmond: One woman's resistance.” Canadian Museum for Human Rights. Published January 29, 2018. https://humanrights.ca/story/viola-desmond-one-womans-resistance